Essential Logic: The Logical Fallacies

• Introduction

Ad Fontem Arguments (personal attacks)

• Lesson 1: Ad Hominem Abusive
• Lesson 2: Ad Hominem Circumstantial
• Lesson 3: Tu Quoque
• Lesson 4: Genetic Fallacy

Appeals to Emotion

• Lesson 5: Appeal to Fear (Argumentum Ad Baculum)
• Lesson 6: Appeal to Pity (Argumentum Ad Misericordiam)
• Lesson 7: Mob Appeal (Argumentum Ad Populum)
• Lesson 8: Snob Appeal
• Lesson 9: Appeal to Illegitimate Authority (Argumentum Ad Verecundiam)
• Lesson 10: Chronological Snobbery

Red Herrings

• Lesson 11: Appeal to Ignorance
• Lesson 12: Irrelevant Goals and Functions
• Lesson 13: Irrelevant Thesis
• Lesson 14: Straw Man Fallacy

Fallacies of Presupposition

• Lesson 15: Begging the Question (Petitio Principii)
• Lesson 16: Bifurcation (False Dilemma)
• Lesson 17: Fallacy of Moderation
• Lesson 18: Is-Ought Fallacy
• Lesson 19: Fallacy of Composition
• Lesson 20: Fallacy of Division

Fallacies of Induction

• Lesson 21: Sweeping Generalization (Accident)
• Lesson 22: Hasty Generalization (Converse Accident)
• Lesson 23: False Analogy
• Lesson 24: False Cause
• Lesson 25: Fake Precision

Fallacies of Clarity

• Lesson 26: Equivocation
• Lesson 27: Accent
• Lesson 28: Distinction Without a Difference

Additional Lessons

• Lesson 29: The Frenetic Fallacy (Extra)
• Discussion: Meet the Students
• Discussion: Four Students, Full of Fallacies

Dr. Christopher Perrin is an author, consultant, and speaker who specializes in classical education. He is committed to the renewal of the liberal arts tradition. He cofounded and serves full-time as the CEO/publisher at Classical Academic Press, a classical education curriculum, media, and consulting company. Christopher is also a consultant to charter, public, private, and Christian schools across the country. He serves on the board of the Society for Classical Learning and as the director of the Alcuin Fellowship of classical educators. He has published numerous articles and lectures that are widely used throughout the United States and the English-speaking world.

Christopher received his BA in history from the University of South Carolina and his MDiv and PhD in apologetics from Westminster Theological Seminary. He was also a special student in literature at St. John’s College in Annapolis, Maryland. He has taught at Messiah College and Chesapeake Theological Seminary, and served as the founding headmaster of a classical school in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, for ten years. He is the author of An Introduction to Classical Education, The Greek Alphabet Code Cracker, and Greek for Children, and the coauthor of the Latin for Children series, all published by Classical Academic Press.

Joelle Hodge

Joelle Hodge holds a BA in history/political science from Messiah College in Grantham, Pennsylvania, and is currently enrolled in the Master of Arts in Teaching program at Eastern University’s Templeton Honors College. She began her career as a staffer to United States Senator Arlen Specter (R-Pa.) before finding her professional home in the world of classical education in 1999. She has 20 years of teaching experience—several of which were spent at a classical school in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. There she also developed much of their logic and rhetoric curricula. She has coauthored two logic books, The Art of Argument: An Introduction to the Informal Fallacies and The Discovery of Deduction: An Introduction to Formal Logic, both published by Classical Academic Press (CAP), and continues to support various editorial projects at CAP, but her primary focus is on the growth and development of Scholé Academy, where she serves as the principal. Since the inception of Scholé Academy in 2014, Joelle has taught courses across a variety of disciplines, including math, logic, and rhetoric, as well as a course in student-skills development (How to Be a Student). She served as senior teacher for Scholé Academy before stepping into the role of academy principal in 2018. Additionally, Classical Academic Press hosts Joelle’s consultant offerings, where she engages with educators across the country, tailoring workshops for classical schools and co-ops that seek to train their teachers in the fundamentals of dialectic- and rhetoric-stage pedagogy.

Aaron Larsen, DA

Dr. Aaron Larsen currently teaches history, Latin, logic, and rhetoric at Regents School of Charlottesville in Virginia. He previously taught at two classical schools in Pennsylvania. In 2001, Dr. Larsen joined a team led by Dr. Christopher Perrin and two other colleagues to help form Classical Academic Press. The motivation behind this endeavor was to produce exceptional Latin and logic curricula for the classical education movement. The first results of this collaboration included the publication of their logic text, The Art of Argument, and the three-volume Latin for Children series. Aaron is also a coauthor of The Discovery of Deduction: An Introduction to Formal Logic.

Aaron received his BA in history, with minors in philosophy and education, from Covenant College in Georgia. He completed his coursework for his DA in modern world history from St. John’s University in New York and went on to write his doctoral thesis on the Meiji Restoration, which, as he likes to say, is “the most important event in world history that nobody’s ever heard of.”

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